RPM是RedHat Package Manager（RedHat软件包管理工具）的缩写，这一文件格式名称虽然打上了RedHat的标志，但是其原始设计理念是开放式的，现在包括OpenLinux、S.u.S.E.以及Turbo Linux等Linux的分发版本都有采用，可以算是公认的行业标准了。
本文讲解如何管理RPM包。
#安装：i:install v:view h:进度条
[root@serv01 Packages]# rpm -ivh mysql-5.1.52-1.el6_0.1.x86_64.rpm i:install v:view进度条
#rpm -qa query all
#查看mysql-server安装包
[root@serv01 Packages]# rpm -qa | grep mysql-server
mysql-server-5.1.52-1.el6_0.1.x86_64
#查看mysql-server安装包生成的文件 l:list
[root@serv01 Packages]# rpm -ql mysql-server
/etc/rc.d/init.d/mysqld
#其余文件略
/usr/share/mysql/mysql_test_data_timezone.sql
/var/lib/mysql
/var/log/mysqld.log
/var/run/mysqld
#查看安装包生成的文件属于哪个安装包
[root@serv01 ~]# ls /usr/share/mysql/my-medium.cnf
/usr/share/mysql/my-medium.cnf
[root@serv01 ~]# rpm -qf /usr/share/mysql/my-medium.cnf
mysql-server-5.1.52-1.el6_0.1.x86_64
#查看mysql-server安装包的详细信息
[root@serv01 ~]# rpm -qi mysql-server
Name : mysql-server Relocations: (not relocatable)
Version : 5.1.52 Vendor: Red Hat, Inc.
Release : 1.el6_0.1 Build Date: Tue 21 Dec 2010 02:56:53 AM CST
Install Date: Sat 27 Jul 2013 12:39:09 AM CST Build Host: x86-006.build.bos.redhat.com
Group : Applications/Databases Source RPM: mysql-5.1.52-1.el6_0.1.src.rpm
Size : 24481725 License: GPLv2 with exceptions
Signature : RSA/8, Mon 17 Jan 2011 09:48:19 PM CST, Key ID 199e2f91fd431d51
Packager : Red Hat, Inc. <http://bugzilla.redhat.com/bugzilla>
URL : http://www.mysql.com
Summary : The MySQL server and related files
Description :
MySQL is a multi-user, multi-threaded SQL database server. MySQL is a
client/server implementation consisting of a server daemon (mysqld)
and many different client programs and libraries. This package contains
the MySQL server and some accompanying files and directories.
[root@serv01 Packages]# rpm --help
Usage: rpm [OPTION...]
--quiet
Query/Verify package selection options:
-a, --all query/verify all packages
-f, --file query/verify package(s) owning file
-g, --group query/verify package(s) in group
-p, --package query/verify a package file
-W, --ftswalk query/verify package(s) from TOP file tree walk
--pkgid query/verify package(s) with package identifier
--hdrid query/verify package(s) with header identifier
--fileid query/verify package(s) with file identifier
--specfile query a spec file
--triggeredby query the package(s) triggered by the package
--whatrequires query/verify the package(s) which require a dependency
--whatprovides query/verify the package(s) which provide a dependency
--nomanifest do not process non-package files as manifests
Query options (with -q or --query):
-c, --configfiles list all configuration files
-d, --docfiles list all documentation files
--dump dump basic file information
-l, --list list files in package
--queryformat=QUERYFORMAT use the following query format
-s, --state display the states of the listed files
Verify options (with -V or --verify):
--nofiledigest don't verify digest of files
--nomd5 don't verify digest of files
--nofiles don't verify files in package
--nodeps don't verify package dependencies
--noscript don't execute verify script(s)
File tree walk options (with --ftswalk):
--comfollow follow command line symlinks
--logical logical walk
--nochdir don't change directories
--nostat don't get stat info
--physical physical walk
--seedot return dot and dot-dot
--xdev don't cross devices
--whiteout return whiteout information
Signature options:
--addsign sign package(s) (identical to --resign)
-K, --checksig verify package signature(s)
--delsign delete package signatures
--import import an armored public key
--resign sign package(s) (identical to --addsign)
--nodigest don't verify package digest(s)
--nosignature don't verify package signature(s)
Database options:
--initdb initialize database
--rebuilddb rebuild database inverted lists from installed package headers
Install/Upgrade/Erase options:
--aid add suggested packages to transaction
--allfiles install all files, even configurations which might otherwise be skipped
--allmatches remove all packages which match <package> (normally an error is generated if <package> specified
multiple packages)
--badreloc relocate files in non-relocatable package
-e, --erase=<package>+ erase (uninstall) package
--excludedocs do not install documentation
--excludepath=<path> skip files with leading component <path>
--fileconflicts detect file conflicts between packages
--force short hand for --replacepkgs --replacefiles
-F, --freshen=<packagefile>+ upgrade package(s) if already installed
-h, --hash print hash marks as package installs (good with -v)
--ignorearch don't verify package architecture
--ignoreos don't verify package operating system
--ignoresize don't check disk space before installing
-i, --install install package(s)
--justdb update the database, but do not modify the filesystem
--nodeps do not verify package dependencies
--nofiledigest don't verify digest of files
--nomd5 don't verify digest of files (obsolete)
--nocontexts don't install file security contexts
--noorder do not reorder package installation to satisfy dependencies
--nosuggest do not suggest missing dependency resolution(s)
--noscripts do not execute package scriptlet(s)
--notriggers do not execute any scriptlet(s) triggered by this package
--oldpackage upgrade to an old version of the package (--force on upgrades does this automatically)
--percent print percentages as package installs
--prefix=<dir> relocate the package to <dir>, if relocatable
--relocate=<old>=<new> relocate files from path <old> to <new>
--replacefiles ignore file conflicts between packages
--replacepkgs reinstall if the package is already present
--test don't install, but tell if it would work or not
-U, --upgrade=<packagefile>+ upgrade package(s)
Common options for all rpm modes and executables:
-D, --define='MACRO EXPR' define MACRO with value EXPR
-E, --eval='EXPR' print macro expansion of EXPR
--macros=<FILE:...> read <FILE:...> instead of default file(s)
--nodigest don't verify package digest(s)
--nosignature don't verify package signature(s)
--rcfile=<FILE:...> read <FILE:...> instead of default file(s)
-r, --root=ROOT use ROOT as top level directory (default: "/")
--querytags display known query tags
--showrc display final rpmrc and macro configuration
--quiet provide less detailed output
-v, --verbose provide more detailed output
--version print the version of rpm being used
Options implemented via popt alias/exec:
--scripts list install/erase scriptlets from package(s)
--setperms set permissions of files in a package
--setugids set user/group ownership of files in a package
--conflicts list capabilities this package conflicts with
--obsoletes list other packages removed by installing this package
--provides list capabilities that this package provides
--requires list capabilities required by package(s)
--info list descriptive information from package(s)
--changelog list change logs for this package
--xml list metadata in xml
--triggers list trigger scriptlets from package(s)
--last list package(s) by install time, most recent first
--dupes list duplicated packages
--filesbypkg list all files from each package
--fileclass list file names with classes
--filecolor list file names with colors
--fscontext list file names with security context from file system
--fileprovide list file names with provides
--filerequire list file names with requires
--filecaps list file names with POSIX1.e capabilities
Help options:
-?, --help Show this help message
--usage Display brief usage message
#rpm -qa查询所有，再用grep过滤
[root@serv01 ~]# rpm -qa | grep mysql
mysql-libs-5.1.52-1.el6_0.1.x86_64
mysql-server-5.1.52-1.el6_0.1.x86_64
mysql-5.1.52-1.el6_0.1.x86_64
#-ql查询安装包里有哪些文件，可以跟包的完整名，或者跟简单名，不能跟msql-5.1.52-1.el6_0.1.x86_64.rpm
[root@serv01 ~]# rpm -ql msql-5.1.52-1.el6_0.1.x86_64
#查询mysql RPM包有哪些文件
[root@serv01 ~]# rpm -ql mysql
#查询/etc/init.d/mysqld属于哪个安装包
[root@serv01 ~]# rpm -qf /etc/init.d/mysqld
mysql-server-5.1.52-1.el6_0.1.x86_64
#查看安装包有哪些文件
[root@serv01 ~]# cp /iso/Packages/mysql-5.1.52-1.el6_0.1.x86_64.rpm .
[root@serv01 ~]# rpm -qlp mysql-5.1.52-1.el6_0.1.x86_64.rpm
#删除mysqld，再次查看，发现其他文件仍然存在，现在需要重新安装，可以使用--force(强制)和--relacefiles(替换文件)进行安装
[root@serv01 ~]# rm -rf /etc/init.d/mysqld
[root@serv01 ~]# ls /etc/init.d/mysql*
ls: cannot access /etc/init.d/mysql*: No such file or directory
[root@serv01 ~]# rpm -ql mysql
[root@serv01 ~]# rpm -ivh /iso/Packages/mysql-server-5.1.52-1.el6_0.1.x86_64.rpm
warning: /iso/Packages/mysql-server-5.1.52-1.el6_0.1.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID fd431d51: NOKEY
Preparing... ########################################### [100%]
package mysql-server-5.1.52-1.el6_0.1.x86_64 is already installed
[root@serv01 ~]# rpm -ivh /iso/Packages/mysql-server-5.1.52-1.el6_0.1.x86_64.rpm --force
warning: /iso/Packages/mysql-server-5.1.52-1.el6_0.1.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID fd431d51: NOKEY
Preparing... ########################################### [100%]
1:mysql-server ########################################### [100%]
[root@serv01 ~]# rpm -ivh /iso/Packages/mysql-server-5.1.52-1.el6_0.1.x86_64.rpm --force --replacefiles
warning: /iso/Packages/mysql-server-5.1.52-1.el6_0.1.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID fd431d51: NOKEY
Preparing... ########################################### [100%]
1:mysql-server ########################################### [100%]
#RPM包有依赖关系，可以使用--nodeps进行安装，但基本上不能使用
[root@serv01 ~]# rpm -ivh /iso/Packages/httpd-2.2.15-9.el6.x86_64.rpm
warning: /iso/Packages/httpd-2.2.15-9.el6.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID fd431d51: NOKEY
error: Failed dependencies:
apr-util-ldap is needed by httpd-2.2.15-9.el6.x86_64
httpd-tools = 2.2.15-9.el6 is needed by httpd-2.2.15-9.el6.x86_64
[root@serv01 ~]# rpm -qa | grep httpd
[root@serv01 ~]# rpm -ivh /iso/Packages/httpd-2.2.15-9.el6.x86_64.rpm --force
warning: /iso/Packages/httpd-2.2.15-9.el6.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID fd431d51: NOKEY
error: Failed dependencies:
apr-util-ldap is needed by httpd-2.2.15-9.el6.x86_64
httpd-tools = 2.2.15-9.el6 is needed by httpd-2.2.15-9.el6.x86_64
[root@serv01 ~]# rpm -ivh /iso/Packages/httpd-2.2.15-9.el6.x86_64.rpm --force --nodeps
warning: /iso/Packages/httpd-2.2.15-9.el6.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID fd431d51: NOKEY
Preparing... ########################################### [100%]
1:httpd ########################################### [100%]
#可以发现不能正常使用
[root@serv01 ~]# /etc/init.d/httpd start
Starting httpd: httpd: apr_sockaddr_info_get() failed for serv01.host.com
#卸载httpd
[root@serv01 ~]# rpm -e httpd
#再次查看发现不能查找到
[root@serv01 ~]# rpm -qa|grep httpd
#抛掉依赖，卸载时加上--nodeps
[root@serv01 ~]# rpm -e mysql
error: Failed dependencies:
mysql = 5.1.52-1.el6_0.1 is needed by (installed) mysql-server-5.1.52-1.el6_0.1.x86_64
[root@serv01 ~]# rpm -e mysql --force
rpm: only installation, upgrading, rmsource and rmspec may be forced
[root@serv01 ~]# rpm -e mysql --force --nodeps
rpm: only installation, upgrading, rmsource and rmspec may be forced
[root@serv01 ~]# rpm -e mysql --nodeps
[root@serv01 ~]# /etc/init.d/mysqld start
/etc/init.d/mysqld: line 37: /usr/bin/my_print_defaults: No such file or directory
[root@serv01 ~]# rpm -e --nodeps mysql
#软件升级
[root@larrywen ule-sa1]# cd package-manager/
[root@larrywen package-manager]# ll
total 41708
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 38572579 Jul 24 09:52 mongodb-linux-x86_64-2.0.6.tgz
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 2871736 Jul 24 09:52 nagios-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64.rpm
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 1223472 Jul 24 09:52 nagios-3.4.1-2.el6.x86_64.rpm
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 14720 Jul 24 09:52 nagios-common-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64.rpm
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 16204 Jul 24 09:52 nagios-common-3.4.1-2.el6.x86_64.rpm
#拷贝nagios-*包含的文件到虚拟机下的/root目录下
[root@larrywen package-manager]# scp nagios-* 192.168.1.11:/root
root@192.168.1.11's password:
nagios-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64.rpm 100% 2804KB 2.7MB/s 00:00
nagios-3.4.1-2.el6.x86_64.rpm 100% 1195KB 1.2MB/s 00:00
nagios-common-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64.rpm 100% 14KB 14.4KB/s 00:00
nagios-common-3.4.1-2.el6.x86_64.rpm 100% 16KB 15.8KB/s 00:00
#安装nagios-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64.rpm，如果缺少依赖则把缺少的安装上
[root@serv01 ~]# rpm -ivh nagios-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64.rpm
warning: nagios-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID 0608b895: NOKEY
error: Failed dependencies:
group(nagios) is needed by nagios-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64
httpd is needed by nagios-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64
libgd.so.2()(64bit) is needed by nagios-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64
mailx is needed by nagios-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64
nagios-common is needed by nagios-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64
user(nagios) is needed by nagios-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64
#把httpd安装上
[root@serv01 ~]# rpm -qa|grep httpd
[root@serv01 ~]# rpm -ivh /iso/Packages/httpd-2.2.15-9.el6.x86_64.rpm --nodeps
warning: /iso/Packages/httpd-2.2.15-9.el6.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID fd431d51: NOKEY
Preparing... ########################################### [100%]
1:httpd ########################################### [100%]
#把mailx安装上
[root@serv01 ~]# rpm -ivh /iso/Packages/mailx-12.4-6.el6.x86_64.rpm
warning: /iso/Packages/mailx-12.4-6.el6.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID fd431d51: NOKEY
Preparing... ########################################### [100%]
1:mailx ########################################### [100%]
#再次安装，仍然有依赖问题
[root@serv01 ~]# rpm -ivh nagios-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64.rpm
warning: nagios-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID 0608b895: NOKEY
error: Failed dependencies:
group(nagios) is needed by nagios-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64
libgd.so.2()(64bit) is needed by nagios-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64
nagios-common is needed by nagios-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64
user(nagios) is needed by nagios-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64
#把nagios-common安装上
[root@serv01 ~]# rpm -ivh nagios-common-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64.rpm
warning: nagios-common-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID 0608b895: NOKEY
Preparing... ########################################### [100%]
1:nagios-common ########################################### [100%]
#再次安装，发现缺少libgd.so库
[root@serv01 ~]# rpm -ivh nagios-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64.rpm
warning: nagios-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID 0608b895: NOKEY
error: Failed dependencies:
libgd.so.2()(64bit) is needed by nagios-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64
#通过yum源解决依赖问题
[root@serv01 ~]# yum install /usr/lib64/libgd.so* -y
[root@serv01 ~]# yum install httpd -y
#查询，发现安装成功
[root@serv01 ~]# rpm -qa|grep nagios
nagios-common-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64
nagios-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64
#升级nagios
[root@serv01 ~]# rpm -Uvh nagios-3.4.1-2.el6.x86_64.rpm
warning: nagios-3.4.1-2.el6.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID 0608b895: NOKEY
error: Failed dependencies:
php is needed by nagios-3.4.1-2.el6.x86_64
#通过yum源安装php
[root@serv01 ~]# yum install php* -y
#再次升级 -U参数
[root@serv01 ~]# rpm -Uvh nagios-3.4.1-2.el6.x86_64.rpm
warning: nagios-3.4.1-2.el6.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID 0608b895: NOKEY
Preparing... ########################################### [100%]
1:nagios ########################################### [100%]
[root@serv01 ~]# rpm -Uvh nagios-common-3.4.1-2.el6.x86_64.rpm
warning: nagios-common-3.4.1-2.el6.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID 0608b895: NOKEY
Preparing... ########################################### [100%]
1:nagios-common ########################################### [100%]
#升级成功
[root@serv01 ~]# rpm -qa|grep nagios
nagios-common-3.4.1-2.el6.x86_64
nagios-3.4.1-2.el6.x86_64
#卸载
[root@serv01 ~]# rpm -e nagios
[root@serv01 ~]# rpm -e nagios-common
[root@serv01 ~]# rpm -qa|grep nagios
#再次安装低版本
[root@serv01 ~]# rpm -ivh nagios-common-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64.rpm
warning: nagios-common-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID 0608b895: NOKEY
Preparing... ########################################### [100%]
1:nagios-common ########################################### [100%]
[root@serv01 ~]# rpm -ivh nagios-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64.rpm
warning: nagios-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID 0608b895: NOKEY
Preparing... ########################################### [100%]
1:nagios ########################################### [100%]
#通过-F参数升级
[root@serv01 ~]# rpm -Fvh nagios-3.4.1-2.el6.x86_64.rpm
warning: nagios-3.4.1-2.el6.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID 0608b895: NOKEY
Preparing... ########################################### [100%]
1:nagios ########################################### [100%]
[root@serv01 ~]# rpm -Fvh nagios-common-3.4.1-2.el6.x86_64.rpm
warning: nagios-common-3.4.1-2.el6.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID 0608b895: NOKEY
Preparing... ########################################### [100%]
1:nagios-common ########################################### [100%]
[root@serv01 ~]# rpm -qa|grep nagios
nagios-common-3.4.1-2.el6.x86_64
nagios-3.4.1-2.el6.x86_64
#安装时不校验，加--nosignature参数
[root@serv01 ~]# rpm -Uvh nagios-common-3.4.1-2.el6.x86_64.rpm --nosignature
#-F和-U的区别
#-F：没有低版本，不能升级，如果有，就升级
#-U：没有低版本，就安装上，如果有，就升级
[root@serv01 ~]# rpm -ivh nagios-common-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64.rpm
warning: nagios-common-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID 0608b895: NOKEY
Preparing... ########################################### [100%]
1:nagios-common ########################################### [100%]
[root@serv01 ~]# rpm -Uvh nagios-common-3.4.1-2.el6.x86_64.rpm
warning: nagios-common-3.4.1-2.el6.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID 0608b895: NOKEY
Preparing... ########################################### [100%]
1:nagios-common ########################################### [100%]
[root@serv01 ~]# rpm -qa|grep nagios
nagios-common-3.4.1-2.el6.x86_64
[root@serv01 ~]# rpm -e nagios-common
[root@serv01 ~]# rpm -Fvh nagios-common-3.4.1-2.el6.x86_64.rpm
warning: nagios-common-3.4.1-2.el6.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID 0608b895: NOKEY
[root@serv01 ~]# rpm -qa|grep nagios
[root@serv01 ~]# rpm -Uvh nagios-common-3.4.1-2.el6.x86_64.rpm
warning: nagios-common-3.4.1-2.el6.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID 0608b895: NOKEY
Preparing... ########################################### [100%]
1:nagios-common ########################################### [100%]
[root@serv01 ~]# rpm -qa|grep nagios-common
nagios-common-3.4.1-2.el6.x86_64参考资料：http://baike.baidu.com/view/209700.htm
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